Data Communication

  Computational Thinking (CT) involves a set of problem-solving skills and techniques that software engineers use to write programs that underlie the computer applications you use such as search, email, and maps.  There are many different techniques today that software engineers use for CT such as: Decomposition: Breaking a task or problem into steps or parts. Pattern Recognition: Make predictions and models to test. Patten Generalization and Abstraction: Discover the law, or principles that cause these patterns. Algorithm Design: Develop the instructions to solve similar problems and repeat the process. DECOMPOSITION Part of being a computer scientist is breaking down a big problem into the smaller problems that make it up. If you can break down a big problem into smaller problems, then you can give them to a computer to solve. For example, if I gave you a cake and asked you to back me another one, you might struggle. But if you watched me making the cake and worked out the i...

 Circuit Switching is a type of switching, in which a connection is established between the source and destination This connection receives the complete bandwidth of the network until the data is transferred completely  while Packet Switching in computer networks is a method of transferring data to a network in the form of packets. To transfer the file fast and efficiently over the network and minimize the transmission latency, the data is broken into small pieces of variable length, called Packet. What is Circuit Switching? Circuit switching is a communication method where a dedicated communication path, or circuit, is established between two devices before data transmission begins. The circuit remains dedicated to the communication for the duration of the session, and no other devices can use it while the session is in progress. Circuit switching is commonly used in voice communication and some types of data communication. Advantages of Circuit Switching • Guaranteed bandw...

 Cache is very small amount of extremely fast memory inside the microprocessor or on the motherboard It is faster and more expensive than RAM. It Stores information most frequently used by computer. purpose of Cache is to increase processing capabilities of a system and enhance its speed. There are three levels of cache L1 L2 and L3 .L1 is placed inside microprocessor whereas L2 and L3 are on motherboard 

 OPTICAL MEMORY  Optical memory is an electronic storage medium that uses a laser beam to store and retrieve digital data .  It was first used to represent analog sound signals into digital form .  In optical storage technology, a laser beam encodes digital data on an optical disc or laser disc in the form of tiny pits arranged in a spiral pattern on the surface of the disc .  Optical memory was developed by Philips and Sony and released in 1982 in the fourth generation of computers . In optical media such as CDs, DVDs, and Blu-Ray discs,  pits  and  lands  play a crucial role in representing binary information.  Pits are microscopic depressions on the disc’s surface. When a laser beam hits a pit, it shatters, and no reflection is received. As a result, a  binary 0 (O)  is registered. Essentially, pits correspond to the absence of data. Think of pits as the valleys or low points on the disc.: Lands are the flat areas betwe...